Ferns

=__﻿ Ferns __= Ferns are members of Phylum Pterophyta. Scientist believed ferns evolved about 350 million years ago.Most common spore-bearing vascular plant and can live in areas with little light. There are more than 11000 species of ferns in the world. Ferns can be evergreen or decidous and ferns are found in wet habitats around the worldThey are most abundant in Rainforest of the Pacific Northwest and they like to sprout in the shadows of trees where direct sunlight barely reaches. 

=__Structure of Ferns __= The structure of the basic fern is the frond, rhizome, pinnae, and its roots.


 * Frond- The large leaves
 * Rhizome- Underground stem
 * Pinnae- Leaflet
 * Roots- underground organs
 * Ferns contain xylem and phloem in their tissue.The xylem and phloem in their tissue makes them vascular.The xylem and phloem transport fluids and nutrients internally throughout the fern.They are also spore-bearing, which means they use spores to reproduce

**__Making Of Spores__**


 * Fern sporophytes make haploid spores on their fronds
 *  The spores are made inside containers called sporangia
 *  Sporangia are grouped into clusters called sori
 *  Wind or water may carry spores over long distances

=**__Life Cycle__**=
 * Germinated spores develop into haploid gametophytes
 *  The gametophytes first form into rootlike rhazoids
 *  The rhazoids then flatten into a mature gametophyte
 *  The mature gametophyte is thin, green, and shaped like a heart
 *  This gametophyte is small, but it grows independently
 * Fertilization requires a little bit of water, which allows the sperm to swim to the eggs
 *  The diploid zygote produced begins to grow
 *  The gametophyte withers away with time
 *  The fern sporophytes live for many years.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.3in; margin-top: 2.88pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.3in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"> In some cases, fronds die in the fall, but the rhizome lives and sprouts again during spring


 * The antheridia (male reproductive organ) and the archegonia (female reproductive organ) are both found on the mature gametophyte



=**__Lady Fern__**=
 * Scientifically called // Athyrium filix-femina //
 * <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 2.88pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"> It is very easy to grow especially in moist soil
 * <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 2.88pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"> They can grow to be one to three feet wide
 * <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 2.88pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"> In the wild they are most likely found in deciduous forests
 * <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 2.88pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"> When in the wild they usually grow in groups

<span style="color: black; font-family: Constantia; font-size: 12pt; language: en-US; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"> **__Bracken Fern__** **__﻿__**
 * <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 2.88pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"> Scientifically called //Pteridium aquilinum//
 * <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 2.88pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"> Perennial fern found in dry to wet areas globally
 * <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 2.88pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"> The leaves are poisonous to livestock when eaten in large amounts
 * <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 2.88pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"> The rhizomes are deep, so they can survive intense fires
 * <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 2.88pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"> Grows up to four and half inches tall and has triangular-shaped fronds