Spiders+&+Relatives

They are part of the phylum of arthropods and the subphylum of chelicerata. Chelicerates consist of horseshoe crabs and arachnids. The first confirmed fossil was dated to be 445 million years old and they originated as marine animals They can be predators, parasites, herbivores, scavengers, or decomposers __Body Composition__ Chelicerates don’t have antennas. The mouth has two parts: chelicerae and pedipalps Chelicerae contain fangs that are used to paralyze prey Pedipalps are longer than the chelicerae and are used to grab prey Almost all of them have four pairs of walking legs Their bodies are composed of two parts, the Cephalothorax and the abdomen The Cephalothorax contains the brain, eyes, mouth and walking legs The abdomen contains most of the organs such as the heart and the intestine Chelicerates have two forms of respiration, either book lungs or book gills Book lungs are organs that have layers of respiratory tissue that stacked like the pages of books Book gills are organs that have layers of respiratory tissue, for water, that are stacked like the pages of books __Horseshoe Crabs __ Part of the order //Xiphosura// One of the four species from this order that’s alive They are called “crabs” because of their heavily armored plate They have chelicerea, five pairs of legs, and a long tail used for movement Grow to about the size of a frying pan Found along marshes and shallow bays of the eastern coast of the U.S.  Their blood contains hemocyanin, which makes their blood blue When reproducing the male attaches to the female while the female lays eggs, And then the male fertilizes them Female can lay up to 120,000 eggs but only about 10 will survive They use book gills for respiration __Arachnids __ Class that consists of spiders, mites, ticks, and scorpions All have eight legs Consist of a cephalothorax and an abdomen <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Almost all are terrestrial <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Have chelicerea like all other chelicerates __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Spiders __ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Largest group of arachnids <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Use Book lungs for respiration <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">All produce silk by using spinnerets <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Liquefy their food to swallow it because they have no jaws <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Use chelicerae to paralyze prey and then injects enzymes into the wound <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Enzymes allow for it to liquefy the food and force the food through the digestive system <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Eat foods ranging from arthropods to small birds <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Spiders can spin webs as soon as they hatch <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Go through sexual reproduction <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Male spiders produce webs layered with sperm and transfer the sperm to their pedipalps <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Spiders go through courtship rituals before they reproduce <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Once the ritual is complete the male injects his sperm into the females epigyne (genital opening) using his pedipalps __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mites and Ticks __ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">They are very small and often parasitic <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Their chelicerae and pedipalps are specialized to dig into host’s tissue and suck out blood <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The chelicerae are needle like structures and are used to pierce skin <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The pedipalps were used to attach to the host <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">These mouthparts attach so that if you try to pull off the tick its abdomen may separate from the cephalothorax and it will stay on your skin. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The spider mite damages house plants and are major pests to crops <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Other types of mites like the chiggers, mange, and scabies mites cause itching or painful rashes in mammals <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ticks are very dangerous because they can transmit diseases like lime disease or Rocky mountain spotted fever <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mites and ticks both reproduce sexually <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ticks will reproduce in two ways Mate off-host and mate on-host <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mate off-host is when they reproduce before the female tick has eaten <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mate on-host is after the female tick has eaten <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">After the female tick is fertilized she lays about 2000 eggs in moist areas <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The female tick will die and the eggs will hatch in a period of 2 weeks to a couple of months. __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Scorpions __ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Found in warm places around the world like the southern United States <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Have enlarged pedipalps used as claws <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The abdomen carries a venomous stinger used to kill or paralyze pray <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">They chew their food using their chelicerae <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Can survive from freezing temperatures up to desert heat <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Most species reproduce sexually but some reproduce through parthenogenesis <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In parthenogenesis, the females egg cells grow into embryos without getting fertilized <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Are viviparous, which means that the embryo develops inside the mothers body, and go through live birth <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The scorplings cannot survive without their mother <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Go through five to seven moults to reach maturity
 * __SPIDERS & RELATIVES__**